天津大学硕士开题报告
天津大学简称“天大”,坐落中国北方经济中心天津,是中国第一所现代大学。现学术堂为天津大学本校硕士生整理一份最新开题报告格式范文,欢迎大家参考。课题名称:天津大学校园夏季室外热环境研究
1、选题意义和背景。
室外空间是可持续城市的重要组成部分,它们承担了日常的步行交通和多样的室外活动,对城市活力和多样性具有重要作用,城市的环境、经济和社会发展都会因人们越来越多的室外活动而受益。目前,全球有超过一半的人口生活在城市,但是在全球气候的变化中,城市对极端气候条件却极为脆弱。因此,为了高质量的城市生活,确保人们生活有适宜的室外活动空间是十分必要的。在过去的数十年中,如何在城市设计和规划中使室外环境对人们有利并为人所用己成为了全球的共识。构成室外环境质量的因素众多,其中重要的一项是城市微气候。人体热舒适满意度和室外空间的利用方式也会受到城市微气候的极大影响。
飞速城市化发展和室外环境的变化,带来了城市地区温度升高和热岛效应。与此同时,人们越来越多的选择可持续的生活方式与友好的生活环境。如何设计一个成功的室外规划设计方案是规划师和景观设计师的共识。但是建筑密度、绿化率、容积率等规划设计因子并不能帮助设计师预测最终的室外热环境,优化设计方案。因此需要对室外热环境的设计参数做更多准确的量化研究。此外,用于研究或预测设计方案对城市微气候影响的工具和方法也不被规划师和设计师所知。因此,本文的研究目的是利用现有的计算机模拟工具来预测室外热环境,优化设计方案。
2、论文综述/研究基础。
城市的微气候,也称作城市气候(Urban Climate),它指的是与城市发展息息相关而又与其附近农村地区不同的气候环境。属于室外热环境的范畴,室外热环境由热辐射、空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度四个参数综合组成。同农村和郊区的气候相比,城市微气候有自己的特点。
(l)城市受到的太阳辐射和光照度低于远郊地区,这是由大气中的污染物颗粒反射作用造成的。
(2)城市的平均风速低于郊区的风速。
(3)城市热岛效应,指市区中心地带温度高于郊区的气温分布现象。
(4)城市地区温度较高,湿度较低。
当下城市和建筑设计使用的室外热环境参数主要来自于气象站,这些数据并不能够准确的体现某一微观区域内的气候特点,所以常常忽略微气候对建筑设计的影响。近几十年来,由于城市化飞速发展、下垫面结构的改变、以及交通排热和建筑排热等因素的影响,城市热环境逐渐恶化,“热岛现象”及其负面作用日渐凸现。
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4、论文提纲。
第一章绪论
1.1研究背景
1.1.1城市微气候及热岛效应
1.1.2大学校园规划发展
1.1.3校园室外热环境设计存在的主要问题
1.1.4小结
1.2本文研究内容
1.2.1研究目标
1.2.2研究方法
1.2.3论文的主要流程
第二章室外热环境与计算机模拟
2.1前言
2.2城市热环境的研究现状
2.2.1城市微气候
2.2.2城市热岛效应
2.2.3室外热舒适评价指标研究
2.3城市绿化对室外热环境的影响
2.3.1公园与绿地
2.3.2树木与植物
2.3.3屋顶绿化
2.3.4路面铺装
2.3.5反射率
2.4室外热环境计算机模拟研究
2.4.1室外热环境模拟的必要性
2.4.2现有的主要模拟软件
2.4.3 ENVI-met及其研究案例
2.5本章小结
第三章校园室外热环境实测
3.1前言
3.2实验地点和气象条件
3.3实测内容
3.3.1实测仪器及参数
3.3.2实测过程
3.4实测结果及分析
3.4.1空气温度结果分析
3.4.2相对湿度结果分析
3.4.3风速测试结果分析
3.4.4黑球温度测试结果分析
3.5室外环境热舒适模拟计算
3.5.1热舒适计算方法
3.5.2标准有效温度SET*分析评价
3.5.3热不舒适指标DISC分析评价
3.6本章小结
第四章ENVI-met校验及敏感性分析
4.1前言
4.2模拟软件ENVI-met简介
4.2.1软件特点
4.2.2主要子模块
4.2.3模型原理
4.2.4模拟流程
4.3模型校验
4.3.1模型校验的必要性
4.3.2模型校验方法
4.3.3垂直网格与模型高度校验
4.3.4嵌套网格校验
4.3.5边界条件设置(LBC)校验
4.4模型验证
4.4.1实验校准
4.4.2敏感性分析
4.5本章小结
第五章不同绿化布置方案的模拟优化
5.1前言
5.2提出优化方案
5.2.1绿化植物的选择
5.2.2建立模拟方案
5.3模拟条件的确定
5.4模拟结果分析及评价
5.4.1无绿化方案模拟结果分析
5.4.2优化地面绿化方案模拟分析
5.4.3屋顶绿化方案模拟优化
5.4.4各模拟方案的综合评价
5.5本章小结
第六章结论与展望
6.1本文主要结论
6.2未来工作展望
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