Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
SectionA
Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passagecoherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill ineach blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, useone word that best fits each blank.
On anotherwise ordinary afternoon in mid-December, the Hakata to Tokyo expresspulled into Negoya and a thousand passengers were ordered ___21___ the train.The burning smell and unusual sound turned out to be cracks in the chassis（底盘）.
It wasthe first time that the Shinkansen（新干线），thecountry’s symbol of industrial power and“made in Japan”engineering quality,___22___（give）way to an officially called“serious incident”. Once upon a time, the crackswould have been unthinkable; the nation—___23___ ______the outside world—haslong been conditioned to think of Japanese manufacturing as perfect. But aftersuffering a succession of different scandals. Japan’s problem is thatimperfection is far less untbinkable than it ___24___ ______ be.
Thebullet train breakdown marks the peak of months of public admissions by some ofJapan’s greatest names—including Nissan Motor. Subaru, Toray Industries, KobeSteel and Mitsubishi Materials—___25___ they have either been cheating onquality tests or faking documents ___26___（sell）products of a lower quality than stated. For an industrial economy that hasbuilt its global fame on its reputation for quality, these are nerve-rackingtimes.
No onethought that Japanese companies were basically more honest than theircompetitors around the world, says one former Toshiba executive, ___27___ therewas an assumption both inside and outside Japan that everyone on the factoryfloor was devoted to the perfection of monozukuri. ___28___ craftsmanship thatrepresents what is arguably the proudest Japanese corporate boasts.“Thatassumption is ___29___ has taken the heaviest beating,”he said.
WhenHiroya Kawasaki, the chief executive of Kobe Steel, first confessed that thecompany had been taking part in data falsification（伪造）___30___（data）back to the 1970s, his statement was almost apocalyptic（预示灾难的）.“Trust in our company has fallen to zero,”he said.
SectionB
Directions：Complete the following passage by using the wordsin the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word morethan you need.
Cure isn’t a word normallyused in the ___31___ of AIDS. For most of the 35 years since HIV, the virusresponsible for the disease, was first identified, doctors have viewed thenotion of a cure as more ___32___ than fact.
That’sbecause HIV is a virus unlike any other. It disables the very immune cells thatare ___33___ to destroy it, carrying out the ultimate deadly ambush（埋伏）whenever the guard of immune ___34___ comes down, months or sometimes evenyears later.
Yet forthe first time in the HIV epidemic that ___35___ affects nearly 37 millionpeople worldwide, some experts are starting to aim for a cure cautiously. TheNational Institutes of Health（NIH）is funding HIV cure efforts and advocacy groupslike amfAR are also ___36___ resources into not just treating HIV, but alsofinding ways to eliminate it completely.
“AbsolutelyHIV can be cured,”says Rowena Johnston, vice president and director of researchfor amfAR.“The question is how.”
Doctorstoday have no trouble keeping HIV under control in people who are infected,thanks to antiretroviral（ARV）drugs, which stop the virus from replicating（复制）. If it is not making more copies of itself. HIV cannot spread to infectnew cells. That can ___37___ into healthier, longer lives for people who areHIV-positive.
Powerfulas the current drug treatments are, they can’t actually ___38___ the body ofinfected cells. For self-preservation, some HIV lies latent（潜伏性的）inside certain immune cells. These are the viruses that come coaring backwhen people stop taking their medications.
But thelatest report this month revealed the strongest evidence that these latentviruses can be activated and eliminated, at least in animals. Dr. Dan Barouchand his colleagues showed that a drug that stimulates the immune system,___39___ with a powerful antibody, prevented HIV from roaring back in five of11 animals, six months after they stopped taking ARVs.“I think our data raisesthe ___40___ that an intervention achieving a functional cure is possible,”saysBarouch.
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
SectionA
Directions：For each blank in the following passages there arefour words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the wordor phrase that best fits the context.
Insteadof cruising in on a hoverboard, I rode my bike to the office today. The bicyclewas invented in the 19th century. Instead of taking a pill forbreakfast, I had a bacon roll, cooked using gas. Science fiction has ___41___to us.
Makingpredictions is tricky, especially about the future, as physicist Niels Bohrjoked. In science fiction, you can’t escape that ___42___ though. Since itsbirth in the 19th century, writers have ___43___ imagined the thingsto come: devices that humankind will invent to make life easier. But in so manyinstances, those promises have not come to pass. The biggest ___44___ are intravel—jet packs, hoverboards and flying cars are yet to fill the skies. Airtravel has become significantly cheaper and wide-reaching, but only usingdistinctly 20th-century technology: commercial aeroplanes are muchthe same as they were 50 years ago.
___45___is what science fiction frequently delivers, but its arrival in the real worldhas been unpredicrable. Domestic robots with a degree of intelligence are yetto ___46___, though robotic vacuum cleaners are commercially available—even ifthey are fairly hopeless. Video calls have now arrived—sort of—but conferencingon Skype is still dissatisfying. In mobiles, video call technology is nowavailable, so when your dad rings to update you on his vegetable patch, he’llbe able to ___47___ your look of boredom.
Thetruth is that we quickly ___48___ the astonishment of invention: our wondermentis soon replaced with the feeling of nothing new. We should try to stay in thatperiod of ___49___. It is astonishing that the contents of every book everwritten can be stored in a small box. Or that you can carry 10,000 albums on anobject kept in your pocket. Or that almost all the information in the world canbe accessed almost anywhere at any time. All these ___50___ are dependent onthe emergence of the microchip and its place in computers. Yet sci-fi didn’t___51___ the dominance of the computer in running our lives.
But thereal area where ___52___ far outstrips（超越）predictionsis medicine. Sure, fiction would describe humans as“disease-free”but withoutgoing into detail.“Disease-free”humans are still absent, but the progress madein ___53___ life is breathtaking. With relative ease, we can sequence anyone’sgenome（基因组），giving a read-out of our entire genetic code. This means we can find outthe underlying genetic cause of thousands of diseases in minutes.
Photosensitiveimplants now exist that can replace damaged cells in the retina（视网膜）and can, thus ___54___ sight to the blind. While the inventions of sciencefiction can show great ideas we’d like to happen, nothing ___55___ theinventiveness of people in the real world.
41. A. turned B.lied C. objected D. talked
42. A. opportunity B.challenge C. imagination D. conflict
43. A. hesitantly B.critically C.temporarily D.tirelessly
44. A. disappointments B. advancements C.enjoyments D.experiments
45. A. Modernization B. Exploration C.Automation D.Transportation
46. A. materialise B.identify C. honour D. liberate
47. A. imagine B.feel C. see D. ignore
48. A. arouse B.discover C. forget D. evaluate
49. A. frustration B.amazement C. boredom D. limitation
50. A. modes B.worries C. potentials D. actions
51. A. predict B.overlook C. motivate D. prevent
52. A. quality B.obstacle C. passion D. reality
53. A. maintaining B.creating C. researching D. encountering
54. A. show B.lend C. restore D. label
55. A. guarantees B.overestimates C. releases D. outperforms
SectionB
Directions：Read the following three passages. Each passage isfollowed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them thereare four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best accordingto the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
Standing in line is a pain. At the post office. At the box office. At arestaurant. But on Black Friday, it’s an experience.
The first spot outside some Best Buy stores is usually claimed weeks beforeBlack Friday, often by a person in a tent. Shoppers at Walmart will print outmaps of the store, with circles around their primary targets. Someone,somewhere, will try to cut in line at a Target, arousing the anger of thepeople who played it fair.
At risk are both bargains and bragging rights, turning what would otherwisebe a miserable experience into an adventure.
“These queues are quite different than the usual annoying ones we encounterday to day at the A.T.M. or in the subway,”said Richard Larson, a professor atM.I.T. who has spent years studying line behavior.
Professor Larson, whose nickname in academic circles is Dr. Queue, said hewould never wait in a line on Black Friday himself. The lines, he said,are“once a year, they’re exciting. They’re the kind you might tell yourgrandchildren about.”
Lines test patience, personal space and principles of fairness andrationality, especially on Black Friday, when the crowds can be overwhelming.Still, the promise of a once-a-year score draws shoppers to queues that startbefore sunrise—or in some cases, the night before.
J. Jeffrey Inman, a veteran of Black Friday lines and president of theSociety for Consumer Psychology, said that many families treat the hours longexperience as a bonding ritual and a cherished tradition.
“It’s not something unimportant,”said Mr. Inman, who is also a professor ofmarketing at the University of Pittsburgh.“And there’s this layer of competitionto it, with people edging forward, because there are only so many of those bigscreen TVs inside the door.”
People may actually gravitate toward longer lines, so they can feel agreater sense of accomplishment once they finally make a purchase. ProfessorLarson said,“Even if they don’t know what the line is for, they reason thatwhatever’s at the end of it must be fantastically valuable.”
56. From the second paragraph, we can learn that_______.
A. people inTarget are most likely to cut in line
B. shopswill hand out store maps to shoppers
C. shoppersdislike queuing well in advance
D. queuingfor Black Friday is common
57. Which of the following statements is J. JeffreyInman most likely to agree with?
A. Shoppersstand in line to enjoy the pleasure of bargaining with salespeople.
B. Peoplefeel like winning if they get something after queuing for some time.
C. Standingin line on Black Friday is not an exciting experience for some people.
D. Grandchildrenlike hearing grandparents talking about their experience of queuing.
58. The phrase“gravitate toward”is closest inmeaning to ______.
A. turn ablind eye to B.be attracted by
C. pick upbargains in D.be cheated by
59. Which of the following might be the best titleof the passage?
A. Why Standin Line on Black Friday?
B. Fairness:Key to Consumer Psychology
C. Standingin Line Is a Pain, Says Professors
D. BlackFriday is Getting Increasingly Valuable
（B）
As thesummer travel season rolls in, prices at the gas pump are usually going in thewrong direction for our wallets. That’s when drivers become more concernedabout how to squeeze the most miles from their fuel dollars and keep their carsrunning their best. To help you stay in the know, here are some commonquestions that our auto-experts often get asked about gas mileage and relatedtopics:
What ifI need to carry stuff on my car’s roof?
Carrying things on the roof hurts fuel economy.When tested a 2013 Honda Accord at a steady 65 mph①, it got42 mpg② with nothing on the roof. Adding even an empty bike rack（架子）dropped the mileage by 5 mpg. And with two bikes on the roof, gas mileagedropped to 27mpg.
Doesrunning the A/C① hurt fuel economy compared with opening the windows?
It depends on-how hard the air-conditioning systemhas to work. When we measured the fuel-economy difference, we found that fueluse with the A/C running went up with higher outside temperatures. At 55℃ F,there were unnoticeable differences. But when we measured again on days whenthe temperature was in the low 70s and high 80s, we got fewer miles per gallonwith the A/C on.
How farcan I go when my low-fuel warning light comes on?
There is no set rule, but most cars have a reserveof between 1 and 2 gallons of gas when the light goes on, or enough to travelabout 40 miles or so at a moderate speed. To maximize those last couple ofgallons, we suggest slowing down and maintaining a steady pace.
Can I improvegas mileage by installing a special air filter（过滤器）?
With modern cars, changing your air filter probablywon’t improve your fuel economy. When we tested a car to see whether a dirtyair filter hurt its gas mileage because of reduced air intake, we found thatthe car’s fuel economy wasn’t hurt. The engine’s computer automatically made upfor the restricted airflow by reducing fuel use to maintain the right air/fuelproportion. We expect similar results from any air-filter change.
①mph: mile per hour
②mpg: mile per gallon
③A/C: air-conditioning
60. The passage is intended to give answers toquestions related to _____.
A. howto save fuel
B. whatfuel drivers can use
C. howto keep cars working well
D. whatmileage is most suitable for a car
61. It is suggested in the passage that ______.
A. aspecial air filter be installed to improve air intake
B. theengine’s computer be updated as often as possible
C.drivers carry an empty bike rack on the roof just in case
D. carsmove at a fixed low speed with a warning of low fuel
62. At which temperature is there a most noticeable difference in fueleconomy between running A/C and opening the window?
A. 40° F B. 51° F C.55° F D. 73°F
（C）
To describe the sorrow of bookstores is to join the dirge-singing chorus.Everyone knows the tune: sales at bookstores have fallen because buyers areordering books online or downloading them to e-readers. Bookstores may be greatplaces to browse and linger, but online is where the deals are. In the latest chapterin the Borders legend, the bookstore chain has agreed to sell its assets（资产）for $215m to Direct Brands, a media-distribution company owned by Najafi, aprivate-equity firm, which would also assume an additional $220m in liabilities（债务）. This will serve as the opening bid for the company’s bankruptcy-courtauction（拍卖），scheduled for July 19th.
Whatever happens at the auction will decide the fate of the bookseller,which has already closed more than a third of its stores. Because Direct Brandsis an online and catalogue-based distributor of music. DVDs and books, somethink that a deal with Najafi will do little to keep the remaining bookstoresopen. Rather, the company will probably see value in the Borders distributionnetwork and liquidate（清算）almost everything else. Regardless, the storydoesn’t look good for store employees and their shrinking customers.（The company, which employs more than 11,000 people, has racked up more than$191m in losses since seeking bankruptcy protection in February, according tothe Wall Street Journal.）
Nashville, Tennessee, is still facing several bookstore closings, includinga Borders and the more beloved Davis-Kidd. The result, as reported in theNashville Scene, is an“object lesson in how truly awful it is to live in atown where used bookstores and the pitiful offerings of Books-a-Million are allwe have.”The problem, however, is that no one seems willing to buy full-price booksanymore. Campaigns to get people to buy books from their local bookstores—suchas“Save Bookstores Day”on June 25th—miss the point. While thereis a demand for real bcicks-and-mortar places to gather, drink coffee and readnew books, such places can’t exist if the market can’t accommodate them.
Besides coffee, access to Wi-Fi and yoga mat, what will people pay for toenable a bricks-and-mortar bookstore? Could independent stores chargemembership fees, which grant access to books at slightly lower prices? Would acorporate-sponsorship model work? Perhaps bookstores could becometax-subsidized（补贴税收的）places where people can browse and linger, but only borrow the books forlimited periods of time—what the hell, let’s call them libraries.
At any rate, the market is squeezing out a meaningful public space. It willbe interesting to see what fills the void（真空）thesebookstores leave behind.
63. According to Paragraph 1, Borders wentbankruptcy because ______.
A. itsbookstores are not cozy enough to stay
B. amedia-distribution company has purchased it
C. customerstend to buy books online or read e-books
D. onlinebookstores have totally replaced it
64. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that ______.
A. people inNashville have protested against bookstore closings
B. thecampaign to save bookstores did have some effect
C. people’sreluctance to buy full-price books is a reason for bookstore closings
D. people inNashville feel indifferent to the bookstore closings
65. Which of the following is true about savingbookstores?
A. Localbusiness and government should help out.
B. There isno proper and feasible method by now.
C.Bookstores should learn management from libraries.
D.Bookstores should enlarge entertainment places.
66. Which of the following is the best title forthe text?
A. Goodbyeto Bookstores
B. OnlineReading or Buying Books from Bookstores?
C. TheBankruptcy of Borders
D. How toSave Bookstores from Closing?
SectionC
Directions：Read the passagecarefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentencesthan you need.
The future of the press?
Interestingthings are happening in press. Newspaper circulation in Europe is falling andIreland and the UK have experienced the biggest drop. ___67___ Global newspapersales are increasing and revenue from ads is still very strong. Nevertheless,it is clear that newspapers need to change to meet the demands of a rapidlychanging readership in a digital world.
Theindustry in Europe has made a number of changes, such as introducing morecolour and moving from the big broadsheets to the much more user-friendlytabloid（娱乐小报）size. The greatest innovation has been the introduction of onlinenewspapers, which have boomed since their introduction a little over ten yearsago. ___68___ On the one hand, it is clear from the massive increase in onlinereaders that e-papers are popular. On the other hand, their financial future isnot so certain. This is basically because most people are not prepared to payfor online news. In fact, if it wasn’t for advertising, online newspapers wouldhave a very hard time indeed.
Agrowing number of people are reading electronic newspapers instead of the printpress and with good reason. First of all, they can read the news whenever theywant. Secondly, readers are free to explore a subject as much or as little asthey want. Thirdly, it is the perfect medium for‘real-time’news. ___69___ Readers were able to get minute-by-minute coverage at anyhour of the day. Only 24-hour news on TV could compete with that.
Thegeneral view is that the future‘paper’will be a multimedia mix. Advanced technology andprogramming software will allow the user to create their own‘news package’. And it will arrive instantaneously, fed by superfast internetconnections. The reader will receive up-to-the-minute news about everythingfrom their local traffic problems to updates on news of specific interest tothem. Nobody knows for sure what will happen, but as one expert put it,‘we won’t be saying“Here is the news”, wewill be saying,“___70___”’
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
Directions：Read the followingpassage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage andhow it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Shyness
If you suffer fromshyness, you are not alone, for shyness is a universal phenomenon. It is notsurprising that social scientists are exploring its environmental causes.
The first environmentalcause of shyness may be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children aregrowing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relativesliving nearby. Growing up in homes in which both parents work full time,children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits byneighbours and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may beginto feel shy when they start school.
A second environmentalcause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a large studyconducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy.Researchers Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo say,“Oneexplanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is creditedexternally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, whilefailure is entirely blamed on the person.”Therefore, Japaneselearn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.
Technology may also playa role. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shyhas risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our hugeadvances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and sufferingthe Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interactionfor many young people. Adults, too, are becoming more isolated as a result oftechnology. Face-to-face interactions with bank clerks, gas station attendants,and shop assistants are no longer necessary because people can use machines todo their banking, fill their gas tanks, and order goods. In short, they becomeshy.
It appears that mostpeople have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. There fore, if youare shy, you have lots of company.
Ⅴ.Translation
Directions：Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.
72. 你对考试越是焦虑，你就越不可能考出理想的成绩。（anxious）
73. 事实证明，一个人的情商对个人的成长非常重要，这值得我们关注。（worth）
74. 17岁的马拉拉被授予了诺贝尔和平奖，她为促进女孩的教育做出了巨大贡献。（award）
75. 近十年中，皮草大衣受到了强烈抵制，因为我们大多数人意识到野生动物正濒临灭绝，保护野生动物，刻不容缓。（afford）
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
Directions：Write an English composition in 120-150 wordsaccording to the instructions given below in Chinese.
当今社会，人们越来越注重对时尚的追求，一时间，“学生是否有必要穿校服”这一话题引发热议。作为一名高中生，请你就“中学生是否有必要穿校服”谈谈你的看法。 |
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