【AUTOCON导读】Volume107 Update Part 2

校审：陈睿，蒋伟光，张泽坤

制版：黎娆，陈慧芳，吴小琴，程利力，刘振华，张昌文，袁硕

Remote interactive collaboration in facilities management using BIM-based mixed reality

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102940

作者：KhaledEl 、Amin Hammad

NORTRON, 105-809, Dongmangsan-gil 47, Jongro-gu, Seoul-city, Republic of Korea

NTNU, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Høgskoleringen 7A, No-7491 Trondheim, Norway

摘要

Facilities Management (FM) day-to-day tasks require suitable methods to facilitate work orders and improve performance by better collaboration between the office and the field. Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides opportunities to support collaboration and to improve the efficiency of Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMSs) by sharing building information between different applications/users throughout the lifecycle of the facility. However, manual retrieval of building element information can be challenging and time consuming for field workers during FM operations. Mixed Reality (MR) is a visualization technique that can be used to improve visual perception of the facility by superimposing 3D virtual objects and textual information on top of the view of real-world building objects. This paper discusses the development of a collaborative BIM-based MR approach to support facilities field tasks. The proposed framework integrates multisource facilities information, BIM models, and feature-based tracking in an MR-based setting to retrieve information based on time (e.g. inspection schedule) and the location of the field worker, visualize inspection and maintenance operations, and support remote collaboration and visual communication between the field worker and the manager at the office. The field worker uses an Augmented Reality (AR) application installed on his/her tablet. The manager at the office uses an Immersive Augmented Virtuality (IAV) application installed on a desktop computer. Based on the field worker location, as well as the inspection or maintenance schedule, the field worker is given work orders and instructions from the office. Other sensory data (e.g., infrared thermography) can provide additional layers of information by augmenting the actual view of the field worker and supporting him/her in making effective decisions about existing and potential problems while communicating with the office in an Interactive Virtual Collaboration (IVC) mode. Finally, to investigate the applicability of the proposed method, a prototype system is developed and tested in a case study.

关键词

Facilities management，Mixed reality，Feature-based tracking，Building information modeling，Remote interactive visual collaboration

亮点

Proposing a collaborative BIM-based MR approach to support facilities field tasks.

Integrating multisource facilities information, BIM models, and feature-based tracking.

Supporting interactive visual collaboration between the field and the office.

The field worker uses an augmented reality application installed on his/her tablet.

The manager at the office uses an immersive augmented virtuality application.

使用基于BIM的混合现实进行设施管理中的远程交互式协作

摘要

设施管理（FM）的日常任务需要适当的方法来简化工作命令并通过办公室与现场之间更好的协作来提高绩效。建筑信息模型（BIM）通过在设施的整个生命周期中在不同应用程序/用户之间共享建筑信息，提供了支持协作并提高计算机维护管理系统（CMMS）效率的机会。但是，在FM操作期间，对于现场工作人员而言，手动检索建筑元素信息可能既困难又耗时。混合现实（MR）是一种可视化技术，可用于通过将3D虚拟对象和文本信息叠加在现实建筑对象视图之上来改善设施的视觉感知。本文讨论了一种基于BIM的协作MR方法的开发，以支持设施现场任务。拟议的框架集成了多源设施信息、BIM模型和基于MR的设置功能的跟踪，改善基于时间的信息（例如检查时间表）和现场工作人员的位置检索信息、可视化检查和维护操作，并支持远程现场工作人员与办公室经理之间的协作和视觉交流。现场工作人员使用在他的平板电脑上安装的增强现实（AR）应用程序，办公室的经理使用安装在台式计算机上的沉浸式增强虚拟（IAV）应用程序，根据现场工作人员的位置以及检查或维护计划，办公室会向现场工作人员提供工作指令和指示。其他感官数据（例如红外热成像）可以通过扩大现场工作人员的实际视野并支持他在交互式虚拟协作（IVC）模式中与办公室进行沟通时就存在的和潜在的问题做出有效的决策方面提供更多信息。最后，为了研究所提出方法的适用性，在案例研究中开发并测试了原型系统。

（编译人：吴小琴）

A scientometric analysis and critical review of computer vision applications for construction

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102947

作者：Pablo Martinez、Mohamed Al-Hussein、RafiqAhmad

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing, Design and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

摘要

Practical interest in ‘computer vision’ has risen remarkably over the last 20 years, transforming the current state of construction-related research and attracting the worldwide attention of scholars and practitioners. This study conducts a scientometric review of the global research published between 1999 and 2019 on computer vision applications for construction, through co-author, co-citation, keyword and clustering analysis. A total of 1158 journals and conference proceedings from Scopus database were analyzed. Trends within the field are identified, as are the dominant sub-fields and their interconnections, as well as citation patterns, key publications, key research institutions, key researchers, and key journals, along with the extent to which these interact with each other in research networks. The provided results were analyzed to identify the deficiencies in current research and propose future trends. Among these is a bias in the research literature towards traditional on-site construction and a concerning gap of off-site construction research, as well as a lack of inter-relationships and collaboration between researched areas, the researchers themselves, and/or the research institutions. In the near future, computer vision will play a key role in the future development of smart construction and improvement of quality in construction projects. This study hopes to bring awareness to the industry, the journal editors, and the researchers of the need for a deeper exchange of ideas in any future research efforts.

亮点

A scientometric review of computer vision research for construction applications from 1999 to 2019 is performed.

1158 journal articles and conference proceedings are analyzed.

Research topics and trends are identified and visualized.

Limitations and gaps in the literature are discussed.

用于建筑的计算机视觉应用的科学计量分析和严格审查

摘要

在过去的20多年中，人们对“计算机视觉”的实际兴趣显着上升，从而改变了与建筑相关的研究现状，并吸引了全世界学者和从业者的关注。这项研究通过合著者、共同引用、关键词和聚类分析，对1999年至2019年发表的有关建筑视觉应用的全球研究进行了科学计量审查，总共分析了Scopus数据库中的1158种期刊和会议记录，确定领域内的趋势、主要子领域及其相互联系、引文模式、关键出版物、关键研究机构、关键研究人员和关键期刊，以及它们在研究网络中相互影响的程度。对提供的结果进行了分析，以找出当前研究的不足之处并提出未来的趋势，其中之一是研究文献偏向于传统的现场建设，并且存在着异地建设研究的空白，以及研究区域、研究人员自身和（或）研究之间缺乏相互关系和协作机构。在不久的将来，计算机视觉将在智能建筑的未来发展和建筑项目质量的提高中发挥关键作用，这项研究希望使业界、期刊编辑和研究人员意识到在未来的任何研究工作中都需要更深入地交流思想。

（编译人：吴小琴）

Simulation of passenger motion in metro stations during rush hours based on video analysis

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102938

作者：Jia Liua，XiaohongChen

School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China

School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

Institute of Big Data and Internet Innovation, Hunan University of Commerce, Changsha 410205, China

摘要

The crowd density in a metro station during rush hours is usually extremely high in China, which makes the passengers consume much time in the station during the inbound or outbound process. In order to figure out the key impact factors of the overall consumed time from the first passenger alighting to the last one reaching the exit of the station while a train arrives (later known as the “overall consumed time”), this research first analyzes the surveillance video during rush hours in some typical metro stations and obtains the critical parameters of the pedestrian motion in metro stations. Afterward, it proposes an “expected velocity model” to simulate the motion of a pedestrian in a slowly moving crowd and an “attractive force model” between two companions in the stations. Moreover, it proposes a “destination choice model” and “path planning algorithm” to simulate the passengers choosing destinations and planning paths in underground double island stations considering the estimated distance, queuing number, and convenience. Finally, the study establishes an agent-based system to simulate the pedestrian motion in the Guanggu Square subway station which is one of the busiest stations in China. The simulation results prove the availability of the models and algorithms proposed in this research. Additionally, the following conclusions are drawn by comparing different hypothetical situations: (1) the overall consumed time presents a decreasing trend while the passenger amount is large; (2) the instantaneous crowding degree on the 1st floor underground is much lower than that on the 2nd floor underground; (3) it is of great necessity to guide the outbound passengers to choose stairways or escalators homogeneously to go upstairs while the inbound passengers to choose escalators rather than stairways to go downstairs while a train arrives; (4) the distance between the stairways or escalators at each end of the station should not be overlarge; (5) if the designing scheme of the station permits, adding stairways or escalators can shorten the overall consumed time; (6) the establishment of escalators significantly increases the overall consumed time compared with stairways.

关键词

Metro station，Overall consumed time，Social force model，Video analysis，Agent-based simulation

亮点

It is necessary to guide the inbound passengers to use escalators.

The distance between the stairways or escalators should not be over too long.

It is preferable to establish stairways as many as possible.

The number of escalators should not be overlarge.

基于视频分析的地铁高峰时段乘客运动模拟

摘要

在中国高峰时段，地铁车站的人群密度通常非常高，这使得乘客在进站或出站过程中在车站花费大量时间。为了弄清从第一个乘客下车到最后一个到达车站出口的乘客的总消耗时间的关键影响因素（后来称为“总消耗时间”），本研究首先分析了在一些典型的地铁站的高峰时段监视视频，并获取地铁站中行人运动的关键参数。此后，它提出了一个“预期速度模型”来模拟行人在缓慢移动的人群中的运动，并提出了车站中两个同伴之间的“吸引力模型”。此外，它提出了一种“目的地选择模型”和“路径规划算法”，以考虑估计的距离，排队人数和便利性来模拟地下双岛车站的乘客选择目的地和规划路径。最后，研究建立了一个基于主体的系统来模拟光谷广场地铁站的行人运动，该地铁站是中国最繁忙的地铁站之一。仿真结果证明了本文提出的模型和算法的有效性。此外，通过比较不同的假设情况得出以下结论：（1）在乘客数量大的情况下，总的消费时间呈现下降趋势；（2）地下一楼的瞬时拥挤程度远低于地下二楼的拥挤程度；（3）非常有必要在火车到达时，引导出站旅客均匀选择楼梯或自动扶梯上楼，而进站旅客则选择自动扶梯而不是楼梯下楼。（4）车站两端楼梯或自动扶梯之间的距离不应过大；（5）在车站设计方案允许的情况下，增加楼梯或自动扶梯可以缩短总消耗时间；（6）与楼梯相比，自动扶梯的建立显着增加了总消耗时间。

（编译人：吴小琴）

Geometric optimization of building information models in MEP projects: Algorithms and techniques for improving storage, transmission and display

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102941

作者：Zhen-Zhong Hu，Shuang Yuan，Claudio Benghi，Jian-PingZhang， Xiao-Yang Zhang，Ding Li，Mohamad Kassem

Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China

Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

CBIM Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, China

摘要

Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) models are generally characterized by information redundancy and a high density of irregularly shaped components. Consequently, they require large storage spaces and are not conducive for interchange purposes. Geometric optimization of MEP models can play a significant role in facilitating model exchange and handover by increasing storage, transmission and display efficiency. To date, the body of knowledge on such geometric optimization, unfortunately, is still very narrow.

This paper presents and tests a solution for the optimization of storage, transmission, and display of MEP models. Storage optimization was achieved through a mapping-based model description method and a novel Quadric-Error-Metric (QEM) mesh simplification algorithm, reducing required storage while maintaining the contour of components. For transmission optimization, a normal vector compression algorithm and a fixed-dictionary specific compression algorithm were proposed to achieve efficient compression of data thus, fulfilling the need for cross-platform interchange. Display optimization was obtained through a normal vector regeneration algorithm for clustering triangle meshes to improve 3D display effects.

The evaluation of the solution, performed for each individual component separately as well as for an entire solution, proved successful. Volume of storage data was reduced by 40% to 50% through mesh simplification. Data transmission volume was reduced by more than 80% for components with complicated geometry without affecting the topology of the components. Finally, the display process was capable of decreasing the number of triangles and delivering very good quality of displayed models.

关键词

BIM; MEP; Geometric model; Storage; Transmission; Display

亮点

An IFC-based two-form model description framework is proposed.

A mapping-based method and a mesh simplification algorithm are proposed for reducing model storage.

A fixed-dictionary compression algorithm is designed to enhance transmission.

A normal vector regeneration algorithm is proposed to improve display effects.

Algorithms and methods are tested by unit and on a large-scale MEP project.

MEP项目建筑信息模型几何优化：改进存储、传输和显示的算法和技术

摘要

机械、电气和管道(MEP)模型通常以信息冗余和形状不规则的高密度部件为特征。因此，它们需要很大的存储空间，且不利于交换。MEP模型的几何优化可以提高模型的存储、传输和显示效率，在促进模型交换和切换方面发挥重要作用。遗憾的是，迄今为止，关于这种几何优化的知识体系仍然非常狭窄。

本文提出并测试了一种用于优化MEP模型的存储、传输和显示的解决方案。通过基于映射的模型描述方法和一种新的二次误差度量(QEM)网格简化算法实现了存储优化，在保持组件轮廓的同时减少了所需的存储。针对传输优化问题，提出了一种法向量压缩算法和一种特定于固定字典的压缩算法，实现了数据的高效压缩，满足了跨平台交换的需要。通过对三角形聚类网格的法向量再生算法进行显示优化，提高三维显示效果。

对解决方案的评估(分别针对每个单独的组件以及针对整个解决方案)被证明是成功的。通过网格化简，存储数据量减少了40% ~ 50%。复杂几何结构的构件在不影响构件拓扑结构的情况下，减少了80%以上的数据传输量。最后，显示过程能够减少三角形的数量，并提供非常好的模型显示质量。

（编译人：张昌文）

Design framework for the structural analysis of free-form timber plate structures using wood-wood connections

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102948

作者：Anh ChiNguyen，PetrasVestartas，YvesWeinand

Laboratory for Timber Constructions (IBOIS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, GC H2 711, Station 18, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland

摘要

Geometrically complex timber plate structures using wood-wood connections are increasingly designed thanks to digital fabrication. Whereas their fabrication has been automated using computer-aided design programming, research focused on the development of automated numerical tools for their structural analysis has been very limited. This paper presents a method to automate the generation of a finite element model for the analysis of structures with a large number of joints. The model is developed taking the example of recently developed double-layered timber plate shells. Vertical displacements obtained with the semi-rigid spring model proposed are in good agreement with experimental tests performed on small-scale prototypes, whereas rigid modelling of the connections highly underestimates displacements of the structure. Semi-rigidity of the connections in translation as well as in rotation was shown to highly influence the model. The generation of the numerical model was successfully automated for large-scale structures.

关键词

Timber plate structures; Wood-wood connections; Digital fabrication; Finite element method; Semi-rigidity; Spring model

亮点

This paper presents a method to model integrally attached timber plate structures.

Taking the semi-rigidity of wood-wood connections into account is essential.

Semi-rigidity in translation as well as in rotation highly influences the model.

The generation of the model was successfully automated for large-scale structures.

用于结构分析设计框架的自由形式木板结构使用的木材-木材连接

摘要

随着数字化制造技术的发展，越来越多地采用木结构连接的几何复杂的木板结构被设计出来。虽然它们的制造已经使用计算机辅助设计程序实现了自动化，但用于结构分析的自动化数值工具的研究却非常有限。本文提出了一种自动生成具有大量节点的结构有限元模型的方法。以新开发的双层木壳为例，建立了该模型。用半刚性弹簧模型得到的竖向位移与在小型样机上进行的试验结果吻合较好，而连接的刚性模型则大大低估了结构的位移。结果表明，连接在平移和旋转时的半刚性对模型影响很大。数值模型的建立成功地实现了大型结构的自动化。

（编译人：张昌文）

Optimization of flexible lift processes on high-rise building construction sites

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102939

作者：Alireza Jalali Yazdi，Perry Forsythe，Alireza Ahmadian Fard Fini，Mojtaba Maghrebi

School of the Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

摘要

Timely delivery of materials and laborers to workface is critical to the smooth progression of a task on the construction site. This subject is of particular importance in high-rise building projects where the vertical transportation may turn into a bottleneck in the delivery process, if not precisely planned. In such contexts, lift cars represent a contested resource for movement of people and materials and any delayed lifting leads to disrupted tasks on the building floors. The available literature predominantly relies on predefined or rule-based scenarios in addressing the lifting problem which may result in suboptimal solutions to the operation of the lifts. Therefore, this research aims to develop a holistic mathematical model which identifies the optimum operational plan for the entire lift systems in high rise construction. The model has a mixed integer nature incorporating characteristics and constraints of lift cars, construction resources and activities, and site conditions. The optimality is targeted through minimum travel time both at the whole scale and for a single lift car. To improve generalizability, the model has been adapted to variant lift optimization problems under different construction scenarios. It is then integrated with the zoning problem in order to determine optimal zoning configuration for a given lift system. The model is tested on a hypothetical case replicating complexities and constraints of real-world situations. The results indicate that the model can efficiently find an optimal solution for the lift systems which imposes minimum vertical travel time to the project.

亮点

A mixed-integer model has been introduced to minimize the vertical transportation delays associated with multi-lift systems

Physical characteristics and constraints of the lift system are considered, as well as the transportation demands

The model has been tested on a 40-story case, obtaining a 10 second lift idle time in the generic case, in one hour

The solution to zoning problem has been found in 17 minutes, but, it is sub-optimal compared to the generic model

This mathematical platform can aid construction managers in reducing activity delays induced by the lift bottleneck

高层建筑施工现场灵活提升工艺的优化

摘要

及时将材料和工人送到工作面对施工现场的顺利进行至关重要。这一主题在高层建筑项目中特别重要，因为在这些项目中，如果没有精确的规划，垂直运输可能成为交付过程中的瓶颈。在这种情况下，电梯代表了人员和材料流动的一个有争议的资源，任何延迟的电梯都会导致楼层的任务中断。现有的文献主要依赖于预定义的或基于规则的场景来解决升降机问题，这可能会导致升降机操作的次优解决方案。因此，本研究的目的在于建立一个整体的数学模型来确定高层建筑中整个电梯系统的最佳操作方案。该模型具有混合整数性质，结合了电梯车的特性和约束、建筑资源和活动以及场地条件。优化的目标是通过最小的行进时间，无论是在整个规模和单电梯车。为了提高模型的可推广性，将该模型应用于不同施工方案下的变扬程优化问题。然后将其与分区问题相结合，以确定给定电梯系统的最优分区配置。这个模型是在一个假设的情况下测试的，它复制了真实情况的复杂性和约束。结果表明，该模型能较好地求解垂直行程时间最短的电梯系统的最优解。

（编译人：张昌文）

BIM-based integrated management workflow design for schedule and cost planning of building fabric maintenance

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102944

作者：ChaoChen, Llewellyn Tang

University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, University Park, Ningbo 315100, China

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

摘要

The operation and maintenance (O&M) is the longest and costliest phase during the entire building lifecycle. In recent decades, with the rapidly increasing costs of new constructions, the effective maintenance has become more important to the existing buildings, particularly to their fabric components, which include both architectural and structural items for maintaining physical characteristics and ensuring normal performance of the existing building over its lifecycle. However, building maintenance costs are also increasing dramatically and this situation mainly results from the delay of maintenance work due to inefficient maintenance planning for the facility management purpose. The inefficient maintenance planning is caused due to lack of effective methods and techniques for predicting the uncertainties including schedule and costs during the maintenance stage. Therefore, this paper proposes an innovative management workflow design which integrates Building Information Modelling (BIM) with digital programming to implement efficient schedule and cost planning of building fabric maintenance. Through this BIM-based workflow design, the knowledge gap between maintenance theories and practical maintenance management can be narrowed by a consistent and sustainable building information flow, which is highly linked with the design and construction phase. This study makes a contribution to integrating the traditional maintenance management with digital technologies to improve the management performance and maintenance efficiency of the O&M phase in the future.

关键词

Building information modelling (BIM); Management workflow; Building fabric maintenance; Cost and schedule planning; Digital programming; Integration

亮点

This study aims to narrow the gap between maintenance theories and practical maintenance management.

Efficient planning is quite important to the maintenance of building fabric components.

A BIM-based integrated management workflow has been proposed to implement digital schedule and cost planning of building fabric maintenance.

This workflow is applied into a panel prototype for validating its feasibility through a case study.

It makes a contribution to linking the traditional maintenance management with digital technologies for improving the performance of O&M phase.

基于bim的建筑结构维护的进度与成本计划集成管理的工作流设计

摘要

运营和维护（O&M）是整个建筑生命周期中最长、成本最高的阶段。近几十年来，随着新建筑成本的不断增加，对现有建筑，特别是对其结构构件的有效维护变得越来越重要，其中包括建筑和结构项目中，以保持物理特性和确保现有建筑物在其生命周期中的正常性能。然而，建筑物的维修费用也在急剧增加，这种情况主要是由于出于设施管理目的的维护计划效率低下而导致维护工作的延误。这是由于缺乏有效的方法和技术来预测维护阶段的不确定性，包括进度和成本，导致的。为此，本文提出了一种将建筑信息模型（bim）与数字编程相结合的创新管理工作流设计，实现了建筑结构维护的高效调度和成本计划。通过这种基于bim的工作流设计，可以通过与设计和施工阶段高度关联的、一致的、可持续的建筑信息流，缩小维护理论与实际维修管理之间的信息差距。本文的研究有助于将传统的维修管理与数字化技术相结合，提高未来运维阶段的管理绩效和维修效率。

(编译人：黎娆)

Automated planning of concrete joint layouts with 4D-BIM

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102943

作者：Moslem Sheikhkhoshkar, Farzad Pour Rahimian, Mohammad Hossein Kaveh, M. Reza Hosseini, David J.Edwards

School of Science Engineering and Design, Teesside University, UK

School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

Faculty of Technology Environment and Engineering, Birmingham City University, UK

摘要

Concrete pouring represents a major critical path activity that is often affected by design limitations, structural considerations and on-site operational constraints. As such, meticulous planning is required to ensure that both the aesthetic and structural integrity of joints between cast in-situ components is achieved. Failure to adequately plan concrete pouring could lead to structural defects, construction rework or structural instability, all having major financial implications. Given the inherent complexity of large-scale construction projects, the ‘manual planning’ of concrete pouring is a challenging task and prone to human errors. Against this backdrop, this study developed 4D Building Information Management (BIM) approach to facilitate automated concrete joint positioning solution (as a proof of concept) for design professionals and contractors. The study first developed structural model in Revit, then extracted spatial information regarding all construction joints and linked them to dynamic Microsoft (MS) Excel and Matlab spreadsheets using integration facilitated by Dynamo software. Midspan points of each beam as well as floor perimeter information were gathered via codes developed in MS Excel macros. Based on the Excel outputs, Matlab programming was used to determine best concreating starting points and directions, and daily allowed concrete volume, considering limitations due to cold joints. These information were then pushed back to Revit via Dynamo in order to develop daily concrete scheduling. The developed automated programme framework offers a cost-effective and accurate methodology to address the limitations and inefficiencies of traditional methods of designing construction joints and planning pours. This framework extends the body of knowledge by introducing innovative solutions to integrate structural design considerations, constructional procedures and operational aspects for mitigating human error, and providing a novel, yet technically sound, basis for further application of BIM in structural engineering.

关键词

Digital engineering; Structural engineers; Integrated concrete design; Concrete scheduling; 4D BIM; Optimisation

亮点

A prototype integrating 4D BIM applications were developed to facilitates real-time concrete joint layout planning.

The system improves integration of structural design process and eases decision making prior construction phase.

The system helps reducing structural damages caused by operational shortfalls and supply-chain issues.

The paper contributes to 4D BIM literature by integrating operational data with design considerations to leverage efficiency.

Paper discussed how the system can be improved by adopting machine learning, sensors, and data science techniques.

用4D-BIM自动规划混凝土接缝布局

摘要

混凝土浇筑是一种主要的关键路径上的活动，经常受到设计限制、结构考虑和现场操作限制的影响。因此，需要进行细致的规划，以确保现浇构件之间接缝的美观性和结构完整性。未能充分计划的混凝土浇筑可能导致结构缺陷、施工返工或结构不稳定，所有这些都会造成重大财务影响。鉴于大型建筑工程的固有复杂性，混凝土浇筑的“人工规划”是一项具有挑战性的任务，容易出现人为错误。在此背景下，本研究发展了4D-BIM管理方法，以方便设计专业人士及承包商使用自动化混凝土接缝定位解决方案（作为概念证明）。该研究首先在revit中建立结构模型，然后提取所有施工缝的空间信息，并使用dynamo软件进行集成，将它们链接到动态microsoft（ms）excel和matlab电子表格。每个梁的跨中点以及楼层周长信息都是通过ms excel宏中开发的代码收集的。在excel输出的基础上，考虑混凝土冷接缝的局限性，采用matlab编程确定最佳混凝土浇筑起点和方向，以及混凝土日允许体积。然后，通过dynamo将这些信息推回到revit中，以便制定每日混凝土计划。开发的自动化程序框架提供了一种成本效益高、准确的方法，以解决传统方法设计施工缝和规划浇筑的局限性和低效性。该框架通过引入创新的解决方案，将结构设计考虑因素、结构程序和操作方面整合起来，以减少人为错误，并为BIM在结构工程中的进一步应用提供了一个新颖但技术可靠的基础，从而扩展了整个的知识体系。

(编译人：黎娆)

Participatory sensing-based geospatial localization of distant objects for disaster preparedness in urban built environments

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102960

作者：Hongjo Kim, Youngjib Ham

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Dayton, United States

Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University, United States

摘要

Although the benefit of participatory sensing for collecting local data over large areas has long been recognized, it has not been widely used for various applications such as disaster preparation due to a lack of geospatial localization capability with respect to a distant object. In such applications, objects of interest need to be robustly localized and documented for supporting data-driven decision-making in site inspection and resource mobilization. However, participatory sensing is inappropriate to localize a distant object due to the absence of ranging sensors in citizens' mobile devices; thus, the localization accuracy varies to a large extent. To address this issue, this study presents a novel geospatial localization method for distant objects based on participatory sensing. The proposed geospatial localization process consists of multiple computational modules—a geographic coordinate conversion, mean-shift clustering, deep learning-based object detection, magnetic declination adjustment, line of sight equation formulation, and the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse method—to improve the localization accuracy in participatory sensing environments. The experiments were conducted in Houston and College Station in Texas to evaluate the proposed method, and the experimental results demonstrated a reasonable localization accuracy, recording the distance errors of 1.5 m to 27.8 m when the distance from observers to the objects of interest were 17 m to 296 m. The proposed method is expected to contribute to rapid data collection over large urban areas, thereby facilitating disaster preparedness that needs to identify locations of distant objects at risk.

关键词

Geospatial localization; Participatory sensing; Urban built environments

亮点

A geospatial localization method for distant objects is proposed.

The method can be used within the participatory sensing context for large urban areas.

To improve the data reliability, the pre-processing module removes irrelevant data.

In post-processing, mean-shift clustering helps obtain the accurate locations.

The method will facilitate the data collection process for disaster preparedness.

基于参与感知的城市建设环境防灾目标地理空间定位

摘要

尽管参与感知在大面积收集当地数据方面的优势早已得到承认，但由于缺乏对远距离物体的地理空间定位能力，它并没有广泛应用于各种场景，例如灾害应对。在这种应用中，需要对感兴趣的对象进行强有力的本地化和文档化，以支持现场检查和资源调动中的数据驱动决策。然而，由于公民移动设备中没有测距传感器，参与感知不适合对远处物体进行定位，因此定位精度存在很大差异。为了解决这一问题，本研究提出了一种新的基于参与感知的远距离目标地理空间定位方法，提出的地理空间定位过程由多个计算模块组成，包括地理坐标转换、均值漂移聚类、基于深度学习的目标检测、磁偏角调整、视线方程的建立，采用Moore-Penrose广义逆方法提高参与感知环境中的定位精度。实验在休斯顿和德克萨斯州的大学站进行，验证了该方法的正确性。当观察者与被测物体之间的距离为17 m至296 m时，记录1.5 m至27.8 m的距离误差。预计拟议的方法将有助于在大城市地区快速收集数据，从而有助于进行需要确定有风险的遥远位置的预备灾害。

(编译人：黎娆)

Automated structural defects diagnosis in underground transportation tunnels using semantic technologies

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102929

作者：Min Hu, Yunru Liu, Vijayan Sugumaran, Biwen Liu, Juan Du

SHU-UTS SILC Business School, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China

SHU-SUCG Research Centre for Building Industrialization, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China

Department of Decision and Information Sciences, School of Business Administration, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States of America

Centre for Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States of America

摘要

Detecting structural defects and finding the underlying causes accurately and timely is crucial for developing effective maintenance strategies to keep up tunnel safety and availability. Data-driven methods are gradually becoming the norm for tunnel health diagnosis but data involved are usually limited to a single system or a particular type of defect. These methods are not effective for cross-system or multi-stage detection because of the following difficulties: (1) high data heterogeneity, (2) complex spatiotemporal relationships, and (3) high expert knowledge involvement required. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper follows the constructive research approach to develop a system called Tunnel Defects Diagnosis System (TDDS) based on Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and Semantic Web technologies. In TDDS, a meta-standard is introduced to set up mapping rules for the integration of heterogeneous data and a Tunnel Diagnosis Ontology (TDO) is established to formally define the complex spatiotemporal relationships among data. Predefined rules based on expert knowledge enable automatic reasoning to provide support for decision making with respect to cause detection. This system has been applied to the Dalian Road Tunnel in Shanghai to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness.

关键词

Defects diagnosis; Transportation tunnel; Semantic Web; BIM; IFC

亮点

A Tunnel Defects Diagnosis System (TDDS) is established for diagnostic and root cause detection.

Mapping rules are set for tunnel life cycle data integration, improving interoperability.

A Tunnel Diagnosis Ontology (TDO) is developed to represent spatial-temporal relationships.

Expert knowledge is translated into rules for automatic reasoning.

TDDS is applied to a real world case for demonstrating feasibility and effectiveness.

基于语义技术的地下交通隧道结构缺陷自动诊断

摘要

       准确、及时地发现结构缺陷并找出其根本原因，是制定有效的维护策略以保持隧道安全和可用性的关键。数据驱动方法正逐渐成为隧道健康诊断的规范，但所涉及的数据通常具有限制于单个系统或特定类型的缺陷。这些方法对于跨系统或多阶段的检测效果不理想，因为它们存在以下问题：（1）数据的高度异质性；（2）复杂的时空关系；（3）需要高度的专家知识参与。为了克服这些挑战，本文采用建设性的研究方法，开发了一个基于工业基础类（IFC）和语义Web技术的隧道缺陷诊断系统（TDDS）。在TDDS中，引入元标准来建立异构数据集成的映射规则，建立隧道诊断本体（TDO）来正式定义数据间复杂的时空关系。基于专家知识的预定义规则使得自动推理能够为因果检测方面的决策提供支持。该系统已在上海大连公路隧道中应用，证明了其可行性和有效性。

(编译人：袁硕)

Predictive control of slurry pressure balance in shield tunneling using diagonal recurrent neural network and evolved particle swarm optimization

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102928

作者：Xiaofei Li, Guofang, Gong

State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

摘要

Establishing the balance between slurry supporting pressure and expected water-earth pressure is an important criterion to ensure excavating face stability in shield tunneling. To overcome the inaccuracy and hysteresis of manual operations, this paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) system for the slurry pressure balance during construction through effectively regulating the slurry circulation and air pressure holding systems according to geological conditions. The MPC structure consists of a diagonal recurrent neural network (DRNN) that approximates the complex relationship between slurry pressure and tunneling parameters, an optimizer which produces the optimal air pressure and slurry level based on the multi-step ahead predictions, and an evolved particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm. The proposed EPSO can update the structure and weights of DRNN concurrently to better cater to the changeable stratum. The optimizer can excellently compensate the time delays in slurry pressure regulation by incorporating the logical control sequence of actuator systems into the EPSO procedure. The simulation results demonstrated that the presented approach can accurately track the desired water-earth pressure and significantly enhance the robustness of slurry supporting system in tunneling, and the novel EPSO also performed higher convergence speed and precision than the classic algorithms used for comparison.

关键词

Shield tunneling; Slurry pressure balance; Model predictive control; Diagonal recurrent neural network; Evolved particle swarm optimization; Time delays

亮点

A MPC system for slurry pressure balance in shield tunneling is proposed.

The input features of DRNN for slurry pressure prediction are analyzed.

Periodic supervision and mutation based PSO is developed to train DRNN.

A multi-step predictive controller and involved anti-delay PSO are established.

The performance of MPC system is verified in Wangjing railway tunnel in China

基于对角递归神经网络和进化粒子群优化的盾构隧道泥水压力平衡预测控制

摘要

       建立泥水支护压力与预期水土压力之间的平衡是保证盾构掘进工作面稳定性的重要指标。为克服人工操作的不精确性和滞后性，根据地质条件，通过有效地调节浆液循环和空气保压系统，提出了一种控制施工过程中浆液压力平衡的模型预测控制系统。MPC结构包括一个对角递归神经网络（DRNN），它近似于泥浆压力和隧道参数之间的复杂关系，一个优化器，它基于多步超前预测产生一个最优的空气压力和浆体水平，以及一个进化粒子群优化算法（EPSO）。提出的EPSO算法能够同时更新DRNN的结构和权值，更好地适应变化的层次。优化器通过将执行器系统的逻辑控制序列加入到EPSO程序中，可以很好地补偿浆液压力调节的时滞。仿真结果表明，该方法能够准确地跟踪期望的水土压力，显著提高了泥水支护系统的鲁棒性，与经典算法相比，新算法具有更高的收敛速度和精度。

(编译人：袁硕)

Video-based tunnel luminance detection

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102900

作者：Shuguang Li, Qilong Zhou, Ke Wang

Department of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China

摘要

A new luminance detection method using tunnel video monitoring systems is proposed. The method can efficiently obtain the continuous surface luminance parameters of the large detection area in tunnels. Firstly, the stability and uniformity of the cameras in a tunnel video monitoring system are calibrated. Then, a new detection method can be mainly divided into the following parts: video image stability and uniformity detection, image geometric distortion correction detection, background initialization, luminance function fitting, pixels and blocks luminance extraction, luminance uniformity detection and so on. Finally, the surface luminance and total luminance parameters can be calculated in tunnels. The experimental results show that the method achieves a high accuracy in two different conditions.

关键词

Tunnel luminance detection; Luminance uniformity; Video image; Uniformity; Image element

亮点

The method of tunnel luminance detection from point to area is proposed.

Total luminance uniformity and center line luminance uniformity are proposed.

Avoiding the influence from running vehicles

Realizing continuous tunnel area luminance detection

基于视频的隧道亮度检测

摘要

提出了一种基于隧道视频监控系统的亮度检测方法。该方法能有效地获得隧道大探测区域的连续地表亮度参数。首先，对隧道视频监控系统中摄像机的稳定性和均匀性进行了标定。然后，一种新的检测方法主要分为以下几个部分：视频图像稳定性和均匀性检测、图像几何失真校正检测、背景初始化、亮度函数拟合、像素和块亮度提取、亮度均匀性检测等。最后，计算隧道中地表亮度和总亮度参数。实验结果表明，该方法在两种不同条件下均能达到较高的精度。

(编译人：袁硕)